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Click here to login or registerGet exited with a different Devotional Image on every level. In Image Stripper, devote yourself to God. It has very simple rule: Clear the covered Picture to get wonderful Spiritual image! Avoid the Killer moving balls to save your life. The first two levels may be a cakewalk with a retreat, but the last three will force you to move strategically and to act very fast. SUPPORTED DEVICE LG C320 InTouch Lady,LG CB630,LG CB630 Invision,LG GW300,LG GW550,LG HB620 / KB620,LG HB620T,LG KC780,LG KF350C,LG KT610,LG KU580,LG LX600,LG VX9900,Nokia 6700 slide,Nokia 6760 slide,Nokia 6790 Surge,Nokia 6790 slide,Nokia C3-00,Nokia E5-00,Nokia E61,Nokia E61i,Nokia E62,Nokia E63,Nokia E71,Nokia E71x,Nokia E72,Nokia E73,Nokia N77,Nokia X2-01,Nokia X5-01,Samsung B6520 Omnia PRO 5,Samsung C6625,Samsung i310,Samsung I320N,Samsung I520,Samsung i600,Samsung I620V,Samsung I750,Samsung i760,Sony Ericsson Aspen (Faith),Sony Ericsson C510c,ZTE E811,ZTE Vodafone 1231,ZTE Xiang